Hydraulics and Fluid Mechanics in ME
A glass tube of small diameter (d) is dipped in fluid. The height of rise or fall in the tube given by (where w = Specific weight of liquid, α = Angle of contact of the liquid surface, and σ = Surface tension)

σ cosα/4wd
wd/4σ cosα
4wd/σ cosα
4σ cosα/wd

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Hydraulics and Fluid Mechanics in ME
Runaway speed of a hydraulic turbine is

The speed if the turbine runner is allowed to revolve freely without load and with the wicket gates wide open
The speed corresponding to maximum overload permissible
Full load speed
The speed at which turbine runner will be damaged

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