Hydraulics and Fluid Mechanics in ME
In open channels, the specific energy is the

Total energy measured with respect to the datum passing through the bottom of the channel
Kinetic energy plotted above the free surface of water
Total energy per unit discharge
Total energy measured above the horizontal datum

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Hydraulics and Fluid Mechanics in ME
The flow ratio of Francis turbine is defined as the ratio of the

Velocity of runner at inlet to the velocity of flow at inlet
Velocity of flow at inlet to the theoretical jet velocity
None of these
Theoretical velocity of jet to the velocity of flow at inlet

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