Engineering Materials
Ductile cast iron

Is also known as chilled cast iron and is obtained by cooling rapidly. It is almost unmachinable
Is produced by small additions of magnesium (or creium) in the ladle. Graphite is in nodular or spheroidal form and is well dispersed throughout the material
Contains 1.7 to 3.5% carbon in Free State and is obtained by the slow cooling of molten cast iron
Is produced by annealing process. It is soft, tough and easily machined metal

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Engineering Materials
The brown smoke during the operation of a Bessemer converter indicates that the

The converter must be titled to remove the contents of the converter
The brown smoke does not occur during the operation of a Bessemer converter
Silicon and manganese has burnt and carbon has started oxidizing
Air is burning out silicon and manganese

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