Workshop Technology
Shift is a casting defect which

Results in a mismatching of the top and bottom parts of a casting
Results in general enlargement of a casting
Occurs near the ingates as rough lumps on the surface of a casting
Occurs as sand patches on the upper surface of a casting

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Workshop Technology
Spot welding is used for welding

Butt joints in plates having 0.025 mm to 1.25 mm thickness
Lap joints in plates having 0.025 mm to 1.25 mm thickness
Lap joints in plates having thickness above 3 mm
Butt joints in plates having thickness above 3 mm

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Workshop Technology
Swab is used for

Cleaning the moulding sand
Reinforcement of sand in the top part of the moulding box
Smoothing and cleaning out depressions in the mould
Moistening the sand around the edge before removing pattern

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