Hydraulics and Fluid Mechanics in ME
Capillary action is due to the

Cohesion of the liquid
All of the listed here
Surface tension
Adhesion of the liquid molecules and the molecules on the surface of a solid

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Hydraulics and Fluid Mechanics in ME
The discharge through a wholly drowned orifice is given by (where H1 = Height of water (on the upstream side) above the top of the orifice, H2 = Height of water (on the downstream side) above the bottom of the orifice, and H = Difference between two water levels on either side of the orifice)

Q = Cd × bH × √(2gh)
Q = Cd × b (H2 - H1) × √(2gh)
Q = Cd × bH₁ × √(2gh)
Q = Cd × bH2 × √(2gh)

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