Heat Transfer
Black liquor generated during paper manufacture is concentrated in a

single effect evaporator
multiple effect evaporators followed by a crystalliser
multiple effect evaporator
single effect evaporator followed by a crystalliser

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Heat Transfer
In a laboratory test run, the rate of drying was found to be 0.5 x 10-3 kg/m².s, when the moisture content reduced from 0.4 to 0.1 on dry basis. The critical moisture content of the material is 0.08 on a dry basis. A tray dryer is used to dry 100 kg (dry basis) of the same material under identical conditions. The surface area of the material is 0.04 m²/kg of dry solid. The time required (in seconds) to reduce the moisture content of the solids from 0.3 to 0.2 (dry basis) is

6000
4000
5000
2000

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