Mass Transfer
Channelling is most severe

In dumped packing of regular units
In towers packed with stacked packing
In towers packed randomly with crushed solids
At very high liquid flow rate

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Mass Transfer
Entrainer used in azeotropic distillation should

Form a low boiling azeotrope with one of the constituents of the mixture
Form a new azeotrope of low relative volatility with one of the constituents of the mixture
Have high latent heat of vaporisation
Have high viscosity to provide high tray efficiency

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