Mass Transfer
As the reflux ratio in a distillation coloumn is increased from the minimum, the

Slope of the operating line in stripping section decreases
Number of plates decreases very slowly first and then more and more rapidly
Total cost first decreases and then increases
Liquid flow increases while the vapor flow decreases for a system

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Mass Transfer
Priming in a distillation column

Results from very low gas velocity
Is characterised by the presence of foam throughout the space between trays
Reduces the overall pressure drop
Is desirable from point efficiency consideration

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Mass Transfer
For water-ethanol system, the minimum reflux ratio

Is computed from the intercept of the operating line
Is the optimum reflux ratio
Is computed from the slope of the upper operating line that is tangent to the equilibrium curve
Cannot be computed

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Mass Transfer
Channelling is most severe

In towers packed randomly with crushed solids
In dumped packing of regular units
In towers packed with stacked packing
At very high liquid flow rate

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