Mass Transfer
As the reflux ratio increases, the slope of the operating line for rectifying section

Remains constant
Increases
Decreases
Data insufficient, cannot be predicted

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Mass Transfer
If the solubilities of different components (in a liquid-liquid extraction system) increase with rise in temperature, then the temperature above which they dissolve completely is known as the critical solution temperature (CST or consolute temperature). If solubilities increase with decrease in temperature, then CST is the temperature below which they dissolve completely. If a binary system has no critical solution temperature, it implies that

On heating, a vapor phase will appear ; while on cooling, a solid phase will appear
The system comprises of miscible liquids
The system comprises of partially mis-cible liquids
The system comprises of an azeotrope

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Mass Transfer
Use of raschig rings in place of crushed stones as packing in packed beds (other things being same)

Increases pressure drop, increases surface area
Increases pressure drop, decreases surface area
Decreases pressure drop, increases surface area
Decreases pressure drop, decreases surface area

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