Mass Transfer
As the reflux ratio increases, the slope of the operating line for rectifying section

Increases
Remains constant
Data insufficient, cannot be predicted
Decreases

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Mass Transfer
Steam distillation is not recommended to be used, if the

Material can not be distilled by indirect heating even under low pressure, because of the high boiling temperature
Azeotropic mixture is to be separated and the final product is miscible with water
Liquids decompose, if distilled directly at atmospheric pressure
Material to be distilled is thermally unstable or has the tendency to react with other components associated with it, at the boiling temperature

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Mass Transfer
Experiments were conducted to determine the flux of a species A in a stagnant medium across a gas-liquid interface. The overall mass transfer co-efficient based on the liquid side for dilute systems for the above was estimated to be 4 x 10⁻³ kg mole/m².s. The equilibrium data for the system is given as y = 2x. The flux across the interface (in kg mole/m² .s) for bulk concentrations of A in gas phase and liquid phase as y = 0.4 and x = 0.01 respectively is

8.5 x 10⁻³
5.6 x 10⁻³
5.6 x 10⁻⁴
8.5 x 10⁻⁴

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