Process Equipment and Plant Design
Any shell opening greater than 5 cms for a storage tank must be reinforced for reason of

Preventing the local overstressing of the shell around the opening
Making the joint leak proof
Reduction of discontinuity in shape at the junction
None of these

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Process Equipment and Plant Design
Pick out the wrong statement pertaining to the design of the bubble cap tray of a distillation column to give stable operation and even vapour distribution.

The pressure drop due to the caps & slots and the static submergence should be as high as practicable for reasonable operation
The dimensionless ratio of liquid gradient to pressure drop head caused by the bubble cap assembly should be less than 0.4
None of these
Tendency towards stable operation is increased by increasing the skirt clearance of the caps, lowering the rate of liquid flow per unit plate width or increasing the spacing between the caps

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Process Equipment and Plant Design
For turbulent flow (NRe > 2100) of low viscosity fluid (μ > 20cp) in steel pipes, the optimum inside pipe diameter is given by(where, Q = fluid flow rate, ft³/sec.ρ = fluid density, lb/ft³ μ = fluid viscosity, centipoise Di = optimum inside pipe diameter, inches)

Di, opt = 3.9 Q0.45 ρ0.13
Di, opt = 3 Q0.36 . μ0.88
Di, opt = 4.7 Q0.36 . μ3.2ρ0.13
Di, opt = 3.9 Q0.45 . μ0.95

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