Process Equipment and Plant Design
Any shell opening greater than 5 cms for a storage tank must be reinforced for reason of

Preventing the local overstressing of the shell around the opening
Reduction of discontinuity in shape at the junction
Making the joint leak proof
None of these

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Process Equipment and Plant Design
In a double pipe (concentric) heat exchanger, the hydraulic radius for heat transfer (for a fluid flowing through the annulus) would be

D₂ - D₁ (D₁ and D₂ are I.D. of inner and outer pipes respectively)
More than that for fluid flow
Less than that for fluid flow
Same as that for fluid flow

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