System Analysis and Design
The approach used in top-down analysis and design is

all of the listed here
to identify the top level functions by combining many smaller components into a single entity
to identify a top level function an d then create a hierarchy of lower-level modules and components.
to prepare flow charts after programming has been completed

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System Analysis and Design
System prototyping helps the designer in

giving a demo of the software, to the system manager to whom he reports
making the programmers understand how the system will function.
all of the listed here
communicating to the user, quickly, how the system, when developed, will look like and get a feedback.

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System Analysis and Design
Direct-access organization

Stores records sequentially but uses an index to locate records
means storing records in contiguous blocks according to a key.
uses an index for each key type
has records placed randomly throughout the file

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