System Analysis and Design
Main characteristic of "ring", in Data structure, is

First record points only to the last record
Many records point to one record
Last record points to the first record
Each record points to all other records

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System Analysis and Design
Top-down programming is

a series or group of components that perform one or more operations of a more complex system
an approach in which the top module is first tested then program modules are added from the highest level to the lowest level
a map of the programmer's view of the data
a group of related fields

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System Analysis and Design
A couple:

is a data item that moves from one module to another
None of these
means that the upper module has the capability of calling the lower module
None of these
is represented by a line joining two modules

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