System Analysis and Design
Main characteristic of "ring", in Data structure, is

Each record points to all other records
Many records point to one record
Last record points to the first record
First record points only to the last record

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System Analysis and Design
The approach used in top-down analysis and design is

to prepare flow charts after programming has been completed
to identify a top level function an d then create a hierarchy of lower-level modules and components.
all of the listed here
to identify the top level functions by combining many smaller components into a single entity

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System Analysis and Design
Advantages of Relational Database Management systems are

Security controls can be more easily implemented.
All of these
None of these
Data independence since it allows the database to grow by adding new attributes and relations.
Flexibility, of relating different logical files

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