Process Equipment and Plant Design
An adequate clearance between the tray and the shell wall of a distillation column is provided to

Avoid back-trapping
None of these
Drain the liquid from the tray when the unit is not in operation
Allow for thermal expansion and facilitate installation

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Process Equipment and Plant Design
Liquid gradient over a tray can be minimised by

Decreasing the number of rows of caps through which the liquid flows or by decreasing the velocity of liquid flow past the caps or by reducing the distance along the tray through which the liquid must
Using split flow, radial flow or cascade flow for column diameter large than 4 ft
All of these
Providing a higher skirt clearance or a higher weir

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