Machine Design
According to maximum normal stress theory, the maximum normal stress in the shaft is

(1/2) × [σ + √(σ² × 4τ²)]
σ + √(σ² × 4τ²)
(1/2) × √(σ² × 4τ²)
√(σ² × 4τ²)

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Machine Design
Spring stiffness is

Load required to produce unit deflection
Ratio of coil diameter to wire diameter
Its ability to absorb shocks
Its capability of storing energy

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