Machine Design
According to I.B.R., shearing resistance required to shear off the rivet per pitch length (in double shear) is (where n = Number of rivets per pitch length)

2 × (π/4) d² × τ × n
3 × (π/4) d² × τ × n
(π/4) d² × τ × n
1.875 × (π/4) d² × τ × n

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Machine Design
Jam nut is a locking device in which

One smaller nut is tightened over main nut and main nut tightened against smaller one by loosening, creating friction jamming
A slot is cut partly in middle of nut and then slot reduced by tightening a screw
A hard fibre or nylon cotter is recessed in the nut and becomes threaded as the nut is screwed on the bolt causing a tight grip
Through slots are made at top and a cotter pin is passed through these and a hole in the bolt, and cotter spitted and bent in reverse direction at other end

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Machine Design
The effective stress in wire ropes during normal working is equal to the stress due to

Acceleration/retardation of masses plus stress due to bending
Bending plus stress due to acceleration/retardation
Axial load plus stress due to acceleration/retardation
Axial load plus stress due to bending

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