Machine Design
The contact ratio is the ratio of

Length of path of contact to the circular pitch
Length of arc of recess to the circular pitch
Length of arc of contact to the circular pitch
Length of arc of approach to the circular pitch

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Machine Design
Stress concentration is caused due to

Pitting at points or areas at which loads on a member are applied
All of these
Abrupt change of section
Variation in properties of material from point to point in a member

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