Heat Transfer
A sphere of radius 'R₁' is enclosed in a sphere of radius 'R₂'. The view (or shape) factor for radiative heat transfer of the outer sphere with respect to the inner sphere is

R₂/(R₁+R₂)
1
(R₁/R₂)2

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Heat Transfer
Prandtl number is the ratio of

Momentum diffusivity to thermal diffusivity
Thermal diffusivity to mass diffusivity
Momentum diffusivity to mass diffusivity
Thermal diffusivity to momentum diffusivity

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Heat Transfer
A long iron rod initially at a temperature of 20°C has one end dipped in boiling water (100°C) at time, t = 0. The curved surface of the rod is insulated so that heat conduction is one dimensional in the axial direction. The temperature at a distance 100 mm from the dipped end becomes 40°C at time, t = 200 s. The same temperature is achieved at a distance of 200 mm from the dipped end at time

t = 800 s
t = 356 s
t = 283 s
t = 400 s

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