Heat Transfer
A sphere of radius 'R₁' is enclosed in a sphere of radius 'R₂'. The view (or shape) factor for radiative heat transfer of the outer sphere with respect to the inner sphere is

(R₁/R₂)2
R₂/(R₁+R₂)
1

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Heat Transfer
The advantage of backward feed multiple effect evaporators over forward feed units is that

Heat sensitive material can be handled
Most concentrated liquid is at highest temperature
Equal heat transfer co-efficients exist in various effects
There is no additional cost of pumping

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