Theory of Machine
A simple spring-mass vibrating system has a natural frequency of fn. If the spring stiffness is halved and the mass is doubled, then the natural frequency will become

4 fn
fn/2
2 fn
8 fn

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Theory of Machine
In a steam engine, the earlier cut-off with a simple slide valve may be obtained by increasing the steam lap and the angle of advance of the eccentric but keeping constant the travel and lead of the valve, this method will

Reduce length of effective stroke of piston
Cause withdrawing or throttling of steam
All of the listed here
Reduce maximum opening of port to steam

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