RCC Structures Design
If A is the area of the foundation of a retaining wall carrying a load W and retaining earth of weight 'w' per unit volume, the minimum depth (h) of the foundation from the free surface of the earth, is

h = (W/Aw) [(1 - sin φ)/(1 + sin φ)]²
h = √(W/Aw) [(1 - sin φ)/(1 + sin φ)]²
h = (W/Aw) [(1 - sin φ)/(1 + sin φ)]
h = (W/Aw) [(1 + sin φ)/(1 + sin φ)]

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RCC Structures Design
If the shear stress in a R.C.C. beam is

Greater than 20 kg/cm², the size of the section is changed
Greater than 4 kg/cm², but less than 20 kg/cm², shear reinforcement is provided
All of these
Equal or less than 5 kg/cm², no shear reinforcement is provided

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