Machine Design
A plate with an elliptical hole in the centre, with semi-major axis (a) perpendicular to the direction of loading and semi-minor axis (b) along the direction of loading, is subjected to a pull P. The maximum stress induced at the edge of the hole is equal to (where σ = Stress for a plate with no hole i.e. nominal stress)

σ [1 + (b/2a)]
σ [1 + (2a/b)]
σ [1 + (b/3a)]
σ [1 + (3a/b)]

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Machine Design
Crowning on pulley helps

In increasing the slip of the belt
To keep the belt in centre on a pulley while it is in motion
In decreasing the slip of the belt
To increase pulley life

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Machine Design
The fatigue stress concentration factor is defined as

The ratio of endurance limit with stress concentration to the endurance limit without stress concentration
All of these
The ratio of endurance limit without stress concentration to the endurance limit with stress concentration
The product of the endurance limits with and without stress concentration

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