Machine Design
In the calculation of induced shear stress in helical springs, the Wahl's stress factor is used to take care of

Combined effect of torsional shear stress and transverse shear stress in the wire
Combined effect of transverse shear stress and curvature of wire
Combined effect of bending stress and curvature of the wire
Combined effect of transverse shear stress and bending stress in the wire

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Machine Design
A bolt

Has head at one end and other end fits into a tapped hole in the other part to be joined
Has a head on one end and a nut fitted to the other
Has both the ends threaded
Is provided with pointed threads

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