Hydraulics and Fluid Mechanics in ME
Coefficient of resistance is the ratio of

Loss of head in the orifice to the head of water available at the exit of the orifice
Area of jet at vena-contracta to the area of orifice
Actual velocity of jet at vena-contracta to the theoretical velocity
Actual discharge through an orifice to the theoretical discharge

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Hydraulics and Fluid Mechanics in ME
The hammer blow in pipes occurs when

The flow of fluid through the pipe is suddenly brought to rest by closing of the valve
There is excessive leakage in the pipe
The pipe bursts under high pressure of fluid
The flow of fluid through the pipe is gradually brought to rest by closing of the valve

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