Theory of Machine
A friction circle is a circle drawn when a journal rotates in a bearing. Its radius depends upon the coefficient of friction and the

Angular velocity of journal
Clearance between journal and bearing
Magnitude of the forces on journal
Radius of journal

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Theory of Machine
The frictional torque transmitted in a flat collar bearing, considering uniform pressure, is (where r₁ and r₂ = External and internal radii of collar respectively)

(2/3). μ W [(r₁³ - r₂³)/(r₁² - r₂²)]
(2/3). μ W (r₁ + r₂)
(1/2). μ W (r₁ + r₂)
(1/2). μ W [(r₁³ - r₂³)/(r₁² - r₂²)]

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Theory of Machine
The secondary unbalanced force due to inertia of reciprocating parts in a reciprocating engine is given by (where m = Mass of reciprocating parts, ω = Angular speed of crank, r = Radius of crank, θ = Angle of inclination of crank with the line of stroke, and n = Ratio of the length of connecting rod to radius of crank)

m.ω².r (cos 2θ/n)
m.ω².r sinθ
m.ω².r cosθ
m.ω².r (sin 2θ/n)

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Theory of Machine
Two heavy rotating masses are connected by shafts of lengths l₁, l₂ and l₃ and the corresponding diameters are d₁, d₂ and d₃. This system is reduced to a torsionally equivalent system having uniform diameter d = d₁ of the shaft. The equivalent length of the shaft is

l = l₁ + l₂.(d₁/d₂)³ + l₂.(d₁/d₃)³
(l₁ + l₂ + l₃)/3
l = l₁ + l₂.(d₁/d₂)⁴ + l₃.(d₁/d₃)⁴
l₁ + l₂ + l₃

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Theory of Machine
Pitch point on a cam is

Any point on pitch circle
Any point on pitch curve
The point on cam pitch curve having the maximum pressure angle
The point on cam pitch curve having the minimum pressure angle

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