Electrical Machines
A dc shunt generator, when commissioned after a major repair of the field system, failed to build Up voltage. It was because

 field system lost residual magnetism
 field winding was wrongly connected
 there was a break in the armature circuit
 field resistance was higher than critical resistance

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Electrical Machines
The damper windings also called the squirrel cage windings or damper grids

  both (A) and (B).
  consists of short-circuited copper bars embedded in the field pole faces.
  are provided on the stator for improving power factor.
  are provided in a synchronous motor to make it self starting.

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