Heat and Mass Transfer
A composite slab has two layers of different materials with thermal conductivities k₁ and k₂. If each layer has the same thickness, then the equivalent thermal conductivity of the slab will be

2 k₁ k₂/ (k₁ + k₂)
(k₁ + k₂)
k₁ k₂
(k₁ + k₂)/ k₁ k₂

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Heat and Mass Transfer
In counter flow heat exchangers

Both the fluids at inlet (of heat exchanger where hot fluid enters) are in their coldest state
Both the fluids at inlet are in their hottest state
One fluid is in hottest state and other in coldest state at inlet
Both the fluids at exit are in their hottest state

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