Heat and Mass Transfer
A composite slab has two layers of different materials with thermal conductivities k₁ and k₂. If each layer has the same thickness, then the equivalent thermal conductivity of the slab will be

2 k₁ k₂/ (k₁ + k₂)
(k₁ + k₂)/ k₁ k₂
k₁ k₂
(k₁ + k₂)

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Heat and Mass Transfer
The time constant of a thermocouple is

The time taken to attain the final temperature to be measured
The time taken to attain 63.2% of the value of initial temperature difference
Determined by the time taken to reach 100°C from 0°C
The time taken to attain 50% of the value of initial temperature difference

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