Heat and Mass Transfer
A composite slab has two layers of different materials with thermal conductivities k₁ and k₂. If each layer has the same thickness, then the equivalent thermal conductivity of the slab will be

2 k₁ k₂/ (k₁ + k₂)
(k₁ + k₂)/ k₁ k₂
k₁ k₂
(k₁ + k₂)

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Heat and Mass Transfer
In counter flow heat exchangers

Both the fluids at inlet are in their hottest state
One fluid is in hottest state and other in coldest state at inlet
Both the fluids at inlet (of heat exchanger where hot fluid enters) are in their coldest state
Both the fluids at exit are in their hottest state

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Heat and Mass Transfer
A steam pipe is to be insulated by two insulating materials put over each other. For best results

Better insulation should be put over pipe and better one over it
Whether to put inferior OIL over pipe or the better one would depend on steam temperature
Both may be put in any order
Inferior insulation should be put over pipe and better one over it

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