Heat and Mass Transfer
In heat exchangers, degree of approach is defined as the difference between temperatures of

Cold water inlet and outlet
Hot medium outlet and cold water inlet
Hot medium outlet and cold water outlet
Hot medium inlet and outlet

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Heat and Mass Transfer
Fourier's law of heat conduction is (where Q = Amount of heat flow through the body in unit time, A = Surface area of heat flow, taken at right angles to the direction of heat flow, dT = Temperature difference on the two faces of the body, dx = Thickness of the body, through which the heat flows, taken along the direction of heat flow, and k = Thermal conductivity of the body)

k. (dx/dT)
k. (dT/dx)
(dx/dT)
(dT/dx)
k.
k.

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Heat and Mass Transfer
A steam pipe is to be insulated by two insulating materials put over each other. For best results

Whether to put inferior OIL over pipe or the better one would depend on steam temperature
Inferior insulation should be put over pipe and better one over it
Better insulation should be put over pipe and better one over it
Both may be put in any order

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