Heat and Mass Transfer
In heat exchangers, degree of approach is defined as the difference between temperatures of

Cold water inlet and outlet
Hot medium outlet and cold water inlet
Hot medium outlet and cold water outlet
Hot medium inlet and outlet

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Heat and Mass Transfer
Film coefficient is defined as the ratio of

Thermal conductivity to the equivalent thickness of the film of fluid
Thickness of film of fluid to the temperature drop through the films of fluids
Temperature drop through the films of fluids to the thickness of film of fluids
Thickness of film of fluid to the thermal conductivity

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Heat and Mass Transfer
Which of the following would lead to a reduction in thermal resistance?

In convection, stirring of the fluid and cleaning the heating surface.
All of these
In radiation, increasing the temperature and reducing the emissivity.
In conduction, reduction in the thickness of the material and an increase in thermal conductivity.

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