Environmental Science
The order of basic processes involved in succession is

Invasion->stabilization-> competition and co action->Reaction>nudation
Invasion-> Nudation->competition and co action->Reaction>stabilization
Nudation->stabilization-> competition and co action->Invasion>reaction
Nudation->Invasion-> competition and co action->reaction>stabilization

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Environmental Science
The earth is tilted at an angle of 23.5o with respect to the plane of its orbit around the sun. If the amount of tilt were increased to 40o, we would expect in middle latitudes:

Hotter summers and colder winters than at present
No appreciable change from present conditions
Cooler summers and milder winters than at present
Cooler summers and colder winters than at present
Hotter summers and milder winters than at present

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