Steam Boilers, Engines, Nozzles and Turbines
Willian’s line follows the law (where b = A constant representing the shape of the Willian’s line, a = Another constant i.e. no load consumption per hour, I.P. = Indicated power, and m = Steam consumption per hour)

I.P. = b × m + a
m = a + b × I.P.
m = (b/I.P.) - a
I.P. = a × m + b

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Steam Boilers, Engines, Nozzles and Turbines
The object of producing draught in a boiler is

To discharge the gases of combustion to the atmosphere through the chimney
To exhaust the gases of combustion from the combustion chamber
All of the listed here
To provide an adequate supply of air for the fuel combustion

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Steam Boilers, Engines, Nozzles and Turbines
A packaged boiler is one in which various parts like firing equipment, fans, feed pumps and automatic controls are

Supplied by same manufacturer loose and assembled at site
Supplied mounted on a single base
Purchased from several parties and packed together at site
Packaged boiler does not exist

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Steam Boilers, Engines, Nozzles and Turbines
The relative efficiency is defined as the

Ratio of heat equivalent to indicated power to the energy supplied in steam
Ratio of brake power to the indicated power
Ratio of thermal efficiency to Rankine efficiency
Product of thermal efficiency and Rankine efficiency

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