UV Luminance Spectroscopy
Why do fluorescence spectrometers often use double-beam optics?

So a reference solution can be used
To compensate for beam attenuation by the monochromator
To compensate for power fluctuations in the radiation source
All of these

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UV Luminance Spectroscopy
Internal conversion is where

A molecule converts excess electronic energy to vibrational energy
A molecule converts its excess energy to light, and emits a photon
None of these
the spin of an excited electron reverses, changing the state of the molecule (from singlet state to triplet state or vice versa)

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UV Luminance Spectroscopy
For a molecule to absorb IR, why must the molecule's vibrations cause fluctuations in the dipole moment of the molecule?

Because a change in dipole moment lowers the energy required for electronic transitions
Because fluctuations in the dipole moment allow the molecule to deform by bending and stretching
Because for absorption to occur, the radiation must interact with the electric field caused by changing dipole moment
All of these

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UV Luminance Spectroscopy
Why must the radiation source for fluorescence spectrometry be more powerful than for absorption spectroscopy?

Because the sample won't fluoresce if the incident radiation is of low power
To allow for scattering by the sample
None of these
Because the magnitude of the output signal is proportional to the power of the incident radiation

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UV Luminance Spectroscopy
Fluorescence occurs when

a molecule returns to the electronic ground state from an excited singlet state by losing it's excess energy as a photon
a molecule returns to the electronic ground state from an excited triplet state by losing it's excess energy as a photon
None of these
a molecule lowers its vibrational energy by losing it's excess energy as a photon

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