UV Luminance Spectroscopy
Why do fluorescence spectrometers often use double-beam optics?

All of these
So a reference solution can be used
To compensate for power fluctuations in the radiation source
To compensate for beam attenuation by the monochromator

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UV Luminance Spectroscopy
In the intersystem crossing

All of these
a molecule converts its excess energy to light, and emits a photon
the spin of an excited electron reverses, changing the state of the molecule (from singlet state to triplet state or vice versa)
a molecule converts excess electronic energy to vibrational energy

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UV Luminance Spectroscopy
For a molecule to absorb IR, why must the molecule's vibrations cause fluctuations in the dipole moment of the molecule?

Because fluctuations in the dipole moment allow the molecule to deform by bending and stretching
All of these
Because for absorption to occur, the radiation must interact with the electric field caused by changing dipole moment
Because a change in dipole moment lowers the energy required for electronic transitions

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UV Luminance Spectroscopy
Fluorescence occurs when

a molecule returns to the electronic ground state from an excited singlet state by losing it's excess energy as a photon
a molecule lowers its vibrational energy by losing it's excess energy as a photon
a molecule returns to the electronic ground state from an excited triplet state by losing it's excess energy as a photon
None of these

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UV Luminance Spectroscopy
Internal conversion is where

A molecule converts excess electronic energy to vibrational energy
the spin of an excited electron reverses, changing the state of the molecule (from singlet state to triplet state or vice versa)
A molecule converts its excess energy to light, and emits a photon
None of these

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