Akbar remained illiterate and uneducated all his life. He had to occupy the throne at the early age of 13 years after the untimely death of his father Humayun.
After the death of Ali Adil Shah II in 1672 CE, Sikandar Adil Shah was placed on the throne of Bijapur in 1672 at four years of age. This weakened the kingdom and was ultimately annexed by Emperor Aurangzeb in 1686 CE.
Al Biruni was made court astrologer in Ghazni and he accompanied with Mahmud on his invasions on India. He lived for several years here and is considered to be first Indologist.
The Third Battle of Panipat was fought between the Sadashivrao Bhau who was the Commander-in-chief of the Maratha Army and Vishwasrao, Malharrao Holkar, Ahmad Shah Durrani which was also called Ahmad Shah Abdali.
Qutb-ud-Din Ahmad Shah II, born Jalal Khan, was a ruler of the Muzaffarid dynasty, who reigned over the Gujarat Sultanate from 1451 to 1458. He succeeded the king Muhammad Shah II.