Operating System (OS)
The advantage(s) of incorporating the macro processor into pass 1 is(are):

more flexibility is available to the programmer in that he may use all the features of the assembler in conjunction with macros.
Functions are combined and it is not necessary to create intermediate files as output from the macros processor and input to the assembler.
many functions do not have to be implemented twice.
None of these
All of these

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Operating System (OS)
A critical region is

a program segment that often causes unexpected system crashes
a program segment where shared resources are accessed
a program segment that has not been proved bug-free
one which is enclosed by a pair of P and V operations on semaphores
none is the above

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