Engineering Thermodynamics
A closed system is one in which

Neither mass nor energy crosses the boundaries of the system
Mass does not cross boundaries of the system, though energy may do so
Mass crosses the boundary but not the energy
Both energy and mass cross the boundaries of the system

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Engineering Thermodynamics
The work ratio of a gas turbine plant is given by

(Net work output)/(Heat supplied)
(Net work output)/(Work-done by the turbine)
(Isentropic increase in temperature)/(Actual increase in temperature)
(Actual temperature drop)/(Isentropic temperature drop)

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