Soil Mechanics and Foundation
Coefficient of compressibility is

independent of type of soil but depends on the stress history of soil
different for different types of soils but same for a soil under different states of consolidation
different for different types of soils and also different for a soil under different states of consolidation
constant for any type of soil

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Soil Mechanics and Foundation
The major principal stress in an element of cohesion-less soil within the backfill of a retaining wall is

None of these
Inclined at 45° to the vertical plane
Vertical if the soil is in a passive state of plastic equilibrium
Vertical if the soil is in an active state of plastic equilibrium

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