System Analysis and Design
The approach used in top-down analysis and design is

to identify a top level function an d then create a hierarchy of lower-level modules and components.
all of the listed here
to prepare flow charts after programming has been completed
to identify the top level functions by combining many smaller components into a single entity

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System Analysis and Design
Indexed-Sequential organization

uses an index for each key type
has records placed randomly throughout the file
means storing records in contiguous blocks according to a key
stores records sequentially but uses an index to locate records

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