Process Control and Instrumentation
Normal mercury thermometer can be used to measure a temperature of about 300°C. However, its maximum temperature measurement range can be increased upto about 500°C by

Increasing the diameter of the tube
Using steel tube in place of glass tube
Accounting for the tube expansion
Filling nitrogen under pressure in the stem

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Process Control and Instrumentation
Temperature control of an exothermic chemical reaction taking place in a CSTR is done with the help of cooling water flowing in a jacket around the reactor. The types of valve and controller action to be recommended are

Air to open valve with the controller indirect acting
Air to open valve with the controller direct acting
Air to close valve with the controller direct acting
Air to close valve with the controller indirect acting

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