Babur first established himself in Kabul in 1504 A.D. and then pushed steadily southward into India from Afghanistanthrough the Khyber Pass. Later he successfully captured Bhira, Sialkot, and Lahore in Punjab.
Mubarak Shah was the second ruler of the Sayyid dynasty which ruled the Delhi Sultanate after the fall of the Tughlaq dynasty. He succeeded his father, Khizr Khan to the throne in 1421 CE.
In the aministartion od Shivaji the Surnavis or Chitnis or Sachiv was the general secretary who also overlooked official correspondence, Sumant/Dabir was the master of ceremonies and foreign affairs, Nyayadish was appointed for Justice and Pandit Rao looked over charities and ecclesiastical affairs.
The Mughal emperor Akbar established a Translation Department. The department was given the task of translating Hindu religious scriptures, such as the Atharvaveda, the Mahabharata, Harivamsa and the Ramayana into Persian.
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