The kingdom was divided into different administrative units during the rule of the Vijayanagar empire in southern India which ruled from 1336 CE to 1672 CE. These administrative units were called Mandalams, Nadus, Sthalas, and Gramas.
Al Biruni was made court astrologer in Ghazni and he accompanied with Mahmud on his invasions on India. He lived for several years here and is considered to be first Indologist.