Electrical Machines
In case of 3 - Φ IM, plugging means

  starting the motor on load which is more than the rated load.
  interchanging two supply phases for quick stopping.
  pulling the motor directly on line without a rotor.
  locking of rotor due to harmonics.

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Electrical Machines
In an alternator, voltage drops occurs in

  armature resistance, leakage reactance and armature reaction.
  armature resistance and leakage reactance.
  armature resistance, leakage reactance, armature reaction and earth connection.
  armature resistance only.

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