Computer Networking
What are reasons for creating OSPF in a hierarchical design?1. To decrease routing overhead2. To speed up convergence3. To confine network instability to single areas of the network4. To make configuring OSPF easier

3 and 4
1, 2 and 3
3 only
2, 3 nd 4

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Computer Networking
The data-link layer, in reference to the OSI model, specifies

None of these
All of these
the interface between the X.25 network and packet mode device
the virtual circuit interface to packet-switched service
data link procedures that provide for the exchange of data via frames that can be sent and received

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Computer Networking
Which of the following technique is used for encapsulation?

All of these
One of the pieces that results when an IP gateway divides an IP datagram into smaller pieces for transmission across a network that cannot handle the original datagram size
None of these
a technique used in best-effort delivery systems to avoid endlessly looping packets.
a technique used by protocols in which a lower level protocol accepts a message from a higher level protocol and places it in the data portion of the low level frame.

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