Analog Electronics
Voltage controlled oscillators are used commonly in

 Frequency Modulators
 All the above
 Phase Clocked loops
 Pulse Modulators Frequency Modulators Phase Clocked loops

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Analog Electronics
For transistor action

  all of these.
  the base region must be very thin and lightly doped.
  Je must be forward biased and Jc should be reverse biased.
  the emitter should be heavily doped.

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