Heat Transfer
Vibrations in the tubes of a shell and tube heat exchanger is induced due to the

Vibrations transmitted through piping and/or supports due to external reasons
All of these
Oscillations in the flow of shell/tube sides fluid
Flow of fluid on the tube and shell sides

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Heat Transfer
Vacuum is generally maintained in the vapour space of an evaporator mainly to

Achieve very high concentration of the final product
Get economical temperature difference by using moderate pressure steam
Concentrate heat sensitive materials
Facilitate forward feeding in multiple effect evaporation

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