Heat Transfer
Vibrations in the tubes of a shell and tube heat exchanger is induced due to the

Vibrations transmitted through piping and/or supports due to external reasons
Flow of fluid on the tube and shell sides
Oscillations in the flow of shell/tube sides fluid
All of these

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Heat Transfer
Which of the following situations can be approximated to a steady state heat transfer system?

Boiling brine kept in open vessel when the bottom surface temperature of the vessel is maintained constant at 180°C
A red hot steel slab (having outside surface temperature as 1300°C) exposed to the atmosheric air at 35°C
A sub-cooled refrigerant liquid at 8°C flowing at the rate of 6 Kg/minute through a copper pipe exposed to atmospheric air at 35°C
10 kg of dry saturated steam at 8 kgf/cm² flowing through a short length of stainless steel pipe exposed to atmospheric air at 35°C

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