Refrigeration and Air Conditioning
The bypass factor (B. P. F.) in case of sensible heating of air is (Where td₁ = Dry bulb temperature of air entering the heating coil, td₂ = Dry bulb temperature of air leaving the heating coil, and td₃ = Dry bulb temperature of heating coil)

(td₃ - td₁)/(td₃ - td₂)
(td₂ - td₃)/(td₃ - td₁)
(td₃ - td₂)/(td₃ - td₁)
(td₃ - td₁)/(td₂ - td₃)

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Refrigeration and Air Conditioning
The general rule for rating refrigeration systems (excepting for CO₂ system) is to approximate following h.p. per ton of refrigeration

0.1 to 0.5 h.p. per ton of refrigeration
2 to 5 h.p. per ton of refrigeration
0.5 to 0.8 h.p. per ton of refrigeration
1 to 2 h.p. per ton of refrigeration

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