Engineering Materials
Vanadium in high speed steels

Promotes retention of austenite
Forms very hard carbides and thus increases wear resistance
Provides high hot hardness
Promotes decarburisation

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Engineering Materials
Combined carbon in iron makes the metal

Hard and gives a coarse grained crystalline structure
Hard and gives a fine grained crystalline structure
Soft and gives a fine grained crystalline structure
Soft and gives coarse grained crystalline structure

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