Electrical Machines
Use of fractional pitch winding

  results in reduced leakage reactance.
  make it stiffer.
All of these
  results in reduced axial length of the machine.

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Electrical Machines
A dc shunt generator, when commissioned after a major repair of the field system, failed to build Up voltage. It was because

 there was a break in the armature circuit
 field resistance was higher than critical resistance
 field system lost residual magnetism
 field winding was wrongly connected

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