Machine Design
Two rigid plates are clamped by means of bolt and nut with an initial force F. After tightening, a separating force P (P < F) is applied to the lower plate, which in turn acts on the nut. The tension in the both after this is

F.P
P
F
F + P

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Machine Design
Cold working

Has no influence on fatigue strength
Decreases the fatigue strength
Alone has no influence on fatigue strength
Increases the fatigue strength

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