Machine Design
Two rigid plates are clamped by means of bolt and nut with an initial force F. After tightening, a separating force P (P < F) is applied to the lower plate, which in turn acts on the nut. The tension in the both after this is

F.P
P
F + P
F

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Machine Design
Slenderness ratio is the ratio of

Effective length of column to least radius of gyration of the column
Effective length of column to width of column
Width of column to depth of column
Maximum size of column to minimum size of column

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