Machine Design
Two rigid plates are clamped by means of bolt and nut with an initial force F. After tightening, a separating force P (P < F) is applied to the lower plate, which in turn acts on the nut. The tension in the both after this is

F + P
F.P
P
F

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Machine Design
Spring stiffness is

Ratio of coil diameter to wire diameter
Its ability to absorb shocks
Its capability of storing energy
Load required to produce unit deflection

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