Machine Design
Two rigid plates are clamped by means of bolt and nut with an initial force F. After tightening, a separating force P (P < F) is applied to the lower plate, which in turn acts on the nut. The tension in the both after this is

F
F.P
F + P
P

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Machine Design
According to I.B.R., when the thickness of boiler shell (t) is greater than 8 mm, then the diameter of rivet hole (d) is obtained by

Equating tearing resistance of the plate to the shearing resistance of the rivets
Equating shearing resistance to the crushing resistance of the rivets
Equating tearing resistance of the plate to the crushing resistance of the rivets
None of these

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