Machine Design
Two rigid plates are clamped by means of bolt and nut with an initial force F. After tightening, a separating force P (P < F) is applied to the lower plate, which in turn acts on the nut. The tension in the both after this is

P
F + P
F.P
F

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Machine Design
The contact ratio is the ratio of

Length of arc of contact to the circular pitch
Length of arc of recess to the circular pitch
Length of path of contact to the circular pitch
Length of arc of approach to the circular pitch

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