Machine Design
Two rigid plates are clamped by means of bolt and nut with an initial force F. After tightening, a separating force P (P < F) is applied to the lower plate, which in turn acts on the nut. The tension in the both after this is

F
F.P
F + P
P

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Machine Design
In an oil lubricated journal bearing, the coefficient of friction between the journal and the bearing

Is minimum at zero speed and increases monotonically with increase in speed
Is maximum at zero speed and decreases monotonically with increase in speed
Remains constant at all speeds
Becomes minimum at an optimum speed and then increases with further increase in speed

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Machine Design
In the calculation of induced shear stress in helical springs, the Wahl's stress factor is used to take care of

Combined effect of bending stress and curvature of the wire
Combined effect of torsional shear stress and transverse shear stress in the wire
Combined effect of transverse shear stress and bending stress in the wire
Combined effect of transverse shear stress and curvature of wire

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