Heat and Mass Transfer
Total heat is the heat required to

Convert water into steam and superheat it
Change liquid into vapour
Change vapour into liquid
Increase the temperature of a liquid or vapour

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Heat and Mass Transfer
The logarithmic mean temperature difference (tm) is given by (where Δt1 and Δt2 are temperature differences between the hot and cold fluids at entrance and exit)

tm = loge (Δt1 - Δt2)/ Δt1/Δt2
tm = loge (Δt1/Δt2)/ (Δt1 - Δt2)
tm = (Δt1 - Δt2)/ loge (Δt1/Δt2)
tm = tm = (Δt1 - Δt2) loge (Δt1/Δt2)

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