Heat and Mass Transfer
The logarithmic mean temperature difference (tm) is given by (where Δt1 and Δt2 are temperature differences between the hot and cold fluids at entrance and exit)

tm = tm = (Δt1 - Δt2) loge (Δt1/Δt2)
tm = (Δt1 - Δt2)/ loge (Δt1/Δt2)
tm = loge (Δt1/Δt2)/ (Δt1 - Δt2)
tm = loge (Δt1 - Δt2)/ Δt1/Δt2

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Heat and Mass Transfer
A steam pipe is to be lined with two layers of insulating materials of different thermal conductivities. For the minimum heat transfer,

The better insulation must be put inside
One could place either insulation on either side
One should take into account the steam temperature before deciding as to which insulation is put where
The better insulation must be put outside

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