Furnace Technology
To reduce the stack loss, heat recovery from flue gas can be done by

Preheating of cold stock
Steam generation in waste heat boilers
Preheating of combustion air
All of these

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Furnace Technology
In practical operation of any furnace, zero oxygen percentage or theoretical CO₂ percentage in flue gas is rarely achieved, because of

Use of excessive positive draft in the furnace
Use of pulverised solid fuels
Imperfect mixing of fuel & air and infiltration of air
Use of non-preheated combustion air

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