Hydraulics & Fluid Mechanics
To avoid vaporisation in the pipe line, the pipe line over the ridge is laid such that it is not more than

10.0 m above the hydraulic gradient
6.4 m above the hydraulic gradient
2.4 m above the hydraulic gradient
5.0 above the hydraulic gradient

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Hydraulics & Fluid Mechanics
Non uniform flow occurs when

the velocity of successive fluid par-ticles, at any point, is the same at suc-cessive periods of time
the direction and magnitude of the velocity at all points are identical
velocity, depth, pressure, etc. change from point to point in the fluid flow
the fluid particles move in plane or parallel planes and the streamline pat-terns are identical in each plane

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Hydraulics & Fluid Mechanics
The normal stress is same in all directions at a point in a fluid

only when the fluid is frictionless
only when the fluid is incompressible and has zero viscosity
When there is no motion of one fluid layer relative to an adjacent layer
irrespective of the motion of one fluid layer relative to an adjacent layer

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