Hydraulics & Fluid Mechanics
To avoid vaporisation in the pipe line, the pipe line over the ridge is laid such that it is not more than

5.0 above the hydraulic gradient
6.4 m above the hydraulic gradient
10.0 m above the hydraulic gradient
2.4 m above the hydraulic gradient

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Hydraulics & Fluid Mechanics
The horizontal component of force on a curved surface is equal to the

force on a vertical projection of the curved surface
weight of liquid vertically above the curved surface
force on the horizontal projection of the curved surface
product of pressure intensity at its centroid and area

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Hydraulics & Fluid Mechanics
For laminar flow in a pipe of circular cross-section, the Darcy’s friction factor f is

directly proportional to Reynolds number and independent of pipe wall roughness
inversely proportional to Reynolds number and indpendent of pipe wall roughness
directly proportional to pipe wall roughness and independent of Reynolds number
inversely proportional to Reynolds number and directly proportional to pipe wall roughness

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Hydraulics & Fluid Mechanics
Steady flow occurs when

the velocity of successive fluid par-ticles, at any point, is the same at suc-cessive periods of time
the fluid particles move in plane or parallel planes and the streamline pat-terns are identical in each plane
the direction and magnitude of the velocity at all points are identical
the magnitude and direction of the velocity do not change from point to point in the fluid

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