Hydraulics & Fluid Mechanics
To avoid vaporisation in the pipe line, the pipe line over the ridge is laid such that it is not more than

10.0 m above the hydraulic gradient
6.4 m above the hydraulic gradient
2.4 m above the hydraulic gradient
5.0 above the hydraulic gradient

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Hydraulics & Fluid Mechanics
Steady flow occurs when

the direction and magnitude of the velocity at all points are identical
the fluid particles move in plane or parallel planes and the streamline pat-terns are identical in each plane
the magnitude and direction of the velocity do not change from point to point in the fluid
the velocity of successive fluid par-ticles, at any point, is the same at suc-cessive periods of time

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