Hydraulics & Fluid Mechanics
To avoid vaporisation in the pipe line, the pipe line over the ridge is laid such that it is not more than

5.0 above the hydraulic gradient
10.0 m above the hydraulic gradient
2.4 m above the hydraulic gradient
6.4 m above the hydraulic gradient

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Hydraulics & Fluid Mechanics
According to Bernoulli’s equation for steady ideal fluid flow

the energy is constant along a stream-line but may vary across streamlines
principle of conservation of mass holds
total energy is constant throughout
velocity and pressure are inversely proportional

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Hydraulics & Fluid Mechanics
The horizontal component of force on a curved surface is equal to the

force on the horizontal projection of the curved surface
product of pressure intensity at its centroid and area
force on a vertical projection of the curved surface
weight of liquid vertically above the curved surface

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