Hydraulics & Fluid Mechanics
To avoid vaporisation in the pipe line, the pipe line over the ridge is laid such that it is not more than

6.4 m above the hydraulic gradient
5.0 above the hydraulic gradient
2.4 m above the hydraulic gradient
10.0 m above the hydraulic gradient

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Hydraulics & Fluid Mechanics
For laminar flow in a pipe of circular cross-section, the Darcy’s friction factor f is

directly proportional to pipe wall roughness and independent of Reynolds number
inversely proportional to Reynolds number and directly proportional to pipe wall roughness
inversely proportional to Reynolds number and indpendent of pipe wall roughness
directly proportional to Reynolds number and independent of pipe wall roughness

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