Thermodynamics and Free Energy
Reactions that have positive standard free energy changes (ΔGo> 0) can be made to occur in cells by

coupling them with exergonic reactions via a common intermediate
coupling them to the hydrolysis of ATP
manipulating the concentrations of products and reactants such that G/<0
All of these

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Thermodynamics and Free Energy
The Standard Gibb's free energy, ΔG°, is

the energy required to convert one mole of reactants to one mole of products
the residual energy present in the products at equilibrium
the residual energy present in the reactants at equilibrium
the difference in the residual energy of reactants and products at equilibrium

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